In multicomplex dynamics, the Tetrabrot[1] is a 3D generalization of the Mandelbrot set. Discovered by Dominic Rochon in 2000, it can be interpreted as a 3D slice \(\mathcal{T}^2(1, \mathbf{i_1}, \mathbf{i_2})\) of the tricomplex Multibrot set \(\mathcal{M}_3^2\).
Illustration of filled-in Julia sets related to the Tetrabrot
Divergence-Layers Algorithm
There are different algorithms to generate pictures of the Tetrabrot. In the tricomplex space, the algorithms use the tricomplex function \(f_c (\eta) := \eta^p + c \), where \(\eta , c \in \mathbb{TC}\) and \(p \geq 2\) is an integer. The number $c \in \mathcal{T}^2 (1, \mathbf{i_1}, \mathbf{i_2})\) if and only if \(|f_c^m(0)| \leq 2\), for any integer \(m \geq 1\). For a given number of iterations \(M\), if the computations of \(f_c^m(0)\), for \(m \in \{1, 2, \ldots , M\}\) surface associated to different integers. This is called the Divergence-Layer Algorithm. It is used to draw the Tetrabrot in the 3D space.
illustration of the Tetrabrot with the Divergence-Layer Algorithm
Generalized Fatou-Julia Theorem
The tricomplex filled-in Julia set of order \(p = 2\), for \(c \in \mathbb{TC}\) is defined as
$$
\mathcal{K}_{3, c}^2 := \{ \eta \in \mathbb{TC} \, : \, \{ f_c^m (\eta)\}_{m = 1}^\infty \text{ is bounded.} \}
$$
The basin of attraction at \(\infty\) of \(f_c(\eta) = \eta^2 + c\) is defined as \(A_{3, c} (\infty) := \mathbb{TC} \backslash \mathcal{K}_{3, c}^2\), that is
$$
A_{3, c} (\infty) = \{ \eta \in \mathbb{TC} \, : \, f_c^m (\eta ) \rightarrow \infty \text{ as } \eta \rightarrow \infty \}
$$
and the strong basin of attraction of \(\infty\) of \(f_c\) as
$$
SA_{3, c} (\infty ) := \Big( A_{c_{\gamma{1} \gamma_3}} (\infty) \times_{\gamma_1} A_{c_{\overline{\gamma}_1 \gamma_3}} (\infty ) \Big) \times_{\gamma_3} \Big( A_{c_{\gamma_1 \overline{\gamma}_3}} (\infty) \times_{\gamma_1} A_{c_{\overline{\gamma}_1 \overline{\gamma}_3}} (\infty) \Big) ,
$$
where \(A_c (\infty)\) is the basin of attraction of \(f_c\) at \(\infty\) for \(c \in \mathbb{C}(\mathbf{i_1})\).
Illustration of the Fatou-Julia Theorem for the Tetrabrot
Ray-Tracing
In 1982, A. Norton gave some algorithms for the generation and display of fractal shapes in 3D. For the first time, iteration with quaternions appeared. Theoretical results have been treated for the quaternionic Mandelbrot set (see video) defined with quadratic polynomial in the quaternions of the form \(q^2 + c\).
Quaternion Julia set with parameters \(c = 0.123 + 0.745i\) and with a cross-section in the \(XY\) plane. The "Douady Rabbit" Julia set is visible in the cross section
In 2005, using bicomplex numbers, É. Martineau and D. Rochon obtained estimates for the lower and upper bounds of the distance from a point \(c\) outside of the bicomplex Mandelbrot \(\mathcal{M}_2^2\) to \(\mathcal{M}_2^2\) itself. Let \(c \not\in \mathcal{M}_2^2\) and define
$$
d(c, \mathcal{M}_2^2) := \inf \{ |w - c| \, : \, w \in \mathcal{M}_2^2 .\}
$$
Then, we have
$$
d(c, \mathcal{M}_2^2) = \sqrt{\frac{d(c_{\gamma_1}, \mathcal{M}^2) + d(c_{\overline{\gamma}_1}, \mathcal{M}^2)}{2}},
$$
where \(\mathcal{M}^2\) is the standard Mandelbrot set.
Using the Green function \(G : \mathbb{C}(\mathbf{i_1}) \backslash \mathcal{M}^2 \rightarrow \mathbb{C}(\mathbf{i_1}) \backslash \overline{B}_1 (0, 1)\) in the complex plane, where \(\overline{B}_1 (0, 1)\) is the closed unit ball of \(\mathbb{C}(\mathbf{i_1}) \simeq \mathbb{C}\), the distance is approximated in the following way:
$$
\frac{|z_m| \ln |z_m|}{2|z_m|^{1/2^m} |z_m'|} \approx \frac{\sinh G(c_\gamma)}{2^{G(c_\gamma)}|G'(c_\gamma)|} < d(c_\gamma, \mathcal{M}^2) ,
$$
for any \(c_\gamma \in \mathbb{C}(\mathbf{i_1}) \backslash \mathcal{M}^2\) and for large \(m\), where \(z_m := f_{c_\gamma}^m (0)\) and \(z_m' := \left.\frac{d}{dc} f_c (0) \right|_{c = c_\gamma}\). This approximation gives a lower bound that can be used to ray-trace the Tetrabrot.
Tetrabrot ray-traced
There exists also a generalization of the lower bound for \(d (c, \mathcal{M}_2^2)\) to the tricomplex Multibrot set of order \(p\). Some ressources and images can be found on the Aleph One's personal page. There is also a video available on Youtube, where specific regions of the Rochon's Tetrabrot are explored.